The Origin of Gender Differences (Feminine and Masculine Acting) of Social Roles from the Perspective of the Holy Quran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. (Specialization), Quran and Hadith Higher Educational Center, Al-Mustafa University

2 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University

3 Associate Professor and Faculty Member of Al-Mustafa University

Abstract

The issue of the origin of gender differences in social roles has always been discussed by thinkers and researchers, especially in sociology. By confirming gender differences, some link the different patterns of female and male roles with biological, and psychological aspects and the functions of role differences among sociologists. On the other hand, almost all feminist theories follow the common principle that femininity and masculinity and the gender roles that result from them make society, with defects in the foundations and results of these theories. Re-reading these opinions and other numerous and diverse viewpoints in the context of gender differences in social roles and their origins on the one hand and the importance and position of the Quran as an authentic source of knowledge makes the question come to mind that despite the division of labor Gender, what is the view of the Holy Quran about the origin of gender differences in social roles? Based on the inferential method, the present research seeks to discover and explain the true origin of female behavior and male behavior or femininity and masculinity (gender) from the perspective of the Quran. The evidence shows that the Quran’s view of the problem is a unified view so that in a comprehensive view of communication, biological aspects such as anatomical differences and physical strength, psychological aspects such as the amount and type of emotions and feelings, and personality characteristics such as will And it considers decision-making and sociological angles based on natural and ultimate aspects such as justice, peace and chastity.
 

Keywords


  1. The Holy Quran, Translated by Muhammad Ali Rezaei Isfahani and A Group of Professors of Al-Mustafa University, Al-Mustafa Publishing House, Qom: 2nd Edition, 2009.
  2. Abbott, P. and Wallace, Claire, An Introduction to the Sociology of Feminist Attitudes, Maryam Khorasani and Hamid Ahmadi, Dunyaye Madar, Tehran: 1997.
  3. Abbott, Pamela and Wallace, Claire, Sociology of Women, Translated by Manizeh Najm Iraqi, Ney, Tehran: 5th Edition, 2007.
  4. Abercrombie, Nicholas et. el.; Dictionary of Sociology, Translated by Hassan Powan, Chapakhsh, Tehran: 1991.
  5. Arianpour Kashani, Manouchehr; Advanced Dictionary of Arianpour English-Farsi, Jahan Rayaneh, Tehran: 2001.
  6. Asimov, Isaac, The Secrets of the Human Brain, Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education, Tehran: 1985.
  7. Azodanlou, Hamid, Getting to Know the Basic Concepts of Sociology, Ney, Tehran: 2005.
  8. Baron, R.A. & D. Byrne, Social Psychology, Boston: Allyn and Bacon,1997.
  9. Bastani, Sosan, Gender, Culture, Values and Attitudes, Culture, Art and Communication Research Institute, Tehran: 2017
  10. Beydawi, Abdullah bin Omar, Anwar al-Tanzir wa Asrar al-Ta’wil, Dar Ihiya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 1418 AH.
  11. Biazar Shirazi, Abdul Karim, Embryology of the Quran and the Conversion of Several Professors of Embryology to Islam, University of Islamic Religions, Tehran: 1st Edition, 2008.
  12. Bostan Najafi, Hossein and Dehqannejad, Reza; Women in the Quran, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University, Qom: 2018.
  13. Bostan Najafi, Hossein, Islam and Sociology of the Family, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University, Qom: 4th Edition, 2009.
  14. Bostan Najafi, Hossein; Religious Theorizing in Social Sciences with Application to Sociology of the Family, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University, Qom: 2013.
  15. Coen, Bruce, An Introduction to Family Sociology, Mohsin Thalathi, Totia Publishing House, Tehran: 16th Edition, 2003.
  16. Fakhr Razi, Muhammad bin Umar, Al-Tafsir Al-Kabir (al-Mafatih Al-Ghayb), Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1420 A.H.
  17. Fayz Kashani, Mohsin, Tafsir al-Safi, Maktabah al-Sadr, Tehran: 2nd Edition, 1415 AH.
  18. Fazlullah, Muhammad Hussein, Man Wahi al-Quran (The Revelation of Quran), Dar Al-Malak, Beirut: 1419 A.H.
  19. Ganji, Hamzeh, Psychology of Individual Differences, Bi’that Publications, Tehran: 11th Edition, 2003.
  20. Ganong, William, Generalities of Medical Physiology, Farrukh Shadan, Chehar Joint-Stock Company, Tehran: 2013.
  21. Gardner, William, War Against the Family, Masoumeh Muhammadi, Women’s Studies and Research Office, Qom: 2007.
  22. Giddens, Anthony, Sociology, Hassan Chavoshian, Ney, Tehran: 2007.
  23. Golombok, Suzan, Robin Fyush, Gender Development, Mehrnaz Shahrarai, Qoqnoos Publications, Tehran: 2003.
  24. Gray, John, The Secret of the Incompatibility of Martian Men and Venusian Women, Farhad Sadqii, Qatreh Publishing House, Tehran: 2008.
  25. Guyton, Arthur and Hall, John, Medical Physiology, Translation: Department of Physiology, Tabriz University, Zoqi Publishing House, Tabriz: 1987.
  26. Haqqi Barsawi, Ismail bin Mustafa, Tafsir Ruh al-Bayan, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: n.d.
  27. Hawi, Sa’eed, Al-Asas fi al-Tafsir (Foundation of Exegesis), Dar al-Salam, Cairo: 6th Edition, 1424 AH.
  28. Hosseini, Seyyedhadi, Rasikh, Ali Ahmad, Nejat, Hamid, Under the Supervision of Muhammad Hakimi, Book of Woman, Amir Kabir, Tehran: 2nd Edition, 2002.
  29. Ibn Kathir, Ismail bin Umar, Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1419 A.H.
  30. Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad bin Mukarram, Lisan al-Arab, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1414 AH.
  31. Iskawari, Muhammad, Tafsir Sharif Lahiji, Dad Publishing House, Tehran: 1994.

 

  1. Jamshidi, Asadullah et. el., Women in Islamic Culture and Thought: A Study in the Ontology of Women, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute Publishing Center, Qom: 2003.
  2. Jazayeri, Seyyed Hamid, Dehqan, Majid, The Mature of Qawwamiyyat (Guardianship), Gender and Family Studies. Autumn and Winter 2013.
  3. Karl, Alexis, The Unknown Human being, Parviz Dabiri, Ta’eed Bookstore, Isfahan: 1969.
  4. Khodarahimi, Siamak et. el., Psychology of Women, Khatam Publications, Mashhad: 1999.
  5. Kleinberg, Otto, Social Psychology, Ali Muhammad Kardan, Andisheh Publishing House, Tehran: 1989.
  6. Ma’rifet, Muhammad Hadi, Doubts and responses about the Holy Quran, Al-Tamhid Institute, Qom: 2nd Edition 1424 A.H.
  7. Maghniyah, Muhammad Javad, al-Tafsir al-Kashif, Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, Qom: 1424 AH.
  8. Makarem Shirazi, Nasser, Tafsir al-Nemouneh (The Ideal Exigesis), Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 10th Edition, 1992.
  9. Mantiqi, Murtaza, Eastern woman, Western Man; Examining Psychological Differences between Men and Women, Bi’that, Tehran: 2010.
  10. Maraghi, Ahmad Mustafa, Tafsir al-Maraghi, Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: n.d..
  11. Michel, Andre, Fight against Sexual Discrimination, Muhammad Ja’far Poyendeh, Negah, Tehran: 1997.
  12. Misbah Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi, A Brief Look at Human Rights from the Perspective of Islam, Publications of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Qom: 2009.
  13. Misbah Yazdi, Muhammad Taqi, Misbah’s Miskhat Collection, Social Ethics, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Qom: 2009.
  14. Mousavi Sabzevari, Abdul Ali, Mawahib al-Rahman fi Tafsir al-Quran, Daftar of Grand Ayatullah al-Sabzevari, N.p.: 2nd Edition, 1409 A.H.
  15. Mustafavi, Hassan, Al-Tahqiq fi Kalimat al-Quran al-Karim (Research on the Holy Quranic Words), Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Tehran: 1989.
  16. Mutahhari, Murtaza, Women’s Rights System in Islam, Tehran: Sadra, 49th Edition, 2008.
  17. Nawabi-Najad, Shokoh, Psychology of Women, Iranian Society, Tehran: 2000.
  18. Norman L. Mann, Principles of Psychology, Mahmoud Sana’i, Amir Kabir, Tehran: 15th
  19. Oakley, Ann, Woman’s Work: The Housewife, Past and Present,
  20. Outhwaite, William and Buttamore, Tom; Dictionary of Social Sciences of the 20th Century, Hassan Chavoshian, Ney, Tehran: 2012.
  21. Pire, Roje, The Differential Psychology of Men and Women, Translated by Muhammad Hossein Sarvari, Janzadeh, Tehran: 1991.
  22. Qarashi Banabi, Ali-Akbar, Tafsir Ahsan al-Hadith, Bi’that Foundation, Tehran: 2nd Edition, 1996.
  23. Qasimi, Jamal al-Din, Mahasan al-Tawil (Merits of Hermeneutics), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1418 AH. A.
  24. Qomi Mashhadi, Muhammad, Tafsir Kanz al-Daqaiq aw Bahr al-Gharaib, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Tehran: 1989.
  25. Qurtubi, Muhammad bin Ahmad, Al-Jame’ li Ahkam al-Quran, Nasir Khosrow, Tehran: 1985.
  26. Qutb, Seyyed, Fi Zilal al-Quran (In the Shadows of the Quran), Dar al-Shuruq, Beirut: 35th Edition, 1425 AH.
  27. Raghib Isfahani, Hossein Bin Muhammad; Mufradat Alfaz al-Quran (Al-Quran Vocabulary), Dar al-Ilm, Beirut: 1412 A.H.
  28. Reza, Muhammad Rashid, Tafsir al-Quran al-Hakim, Known as Tafsir al-Manar, Dar al-Ma’rfah, Beirut: 1414 A.H.
  29. Rhodes, Stone. Hey, Let’s Take Gender Differences Seriously, Masoumeh Muhammadi, Research Institute of Hawzeh and University, Qom: 2013.
  30. Ritzer, George, Sociological theory in the Contemporary Era, Mohsen Thalathi, Scientific Publications, Tehran: 13th Edition, 2008.
  31. Sa’dlou Parisi, Farzad, Principles of Physiological Psychology, Islamic University Publications, Yazd: 2007.
  32. Sabzevari, Muhammad, Al-Jadid fi Tafsir al-Quran al-Majid, Dar al-Ta’aruf for Press, Beirut: 1406 A.H.

 

  1. Sadaqati Fard, Mujtabi, Sociology (Generalities, Concepts, Backgrou2nd), Arsbaran, Tehran: 5th Edition, 2013.
  2. Sadiqi Tehrani, Muhammad, Al-Furqan in Tafsir al-Quran by the Quran and Sunnah, Farhang Islami, Qom: 2nd Edition, 1406 AH.
  3. Sangol, Hossein, Human Physiology, Yazd Publications, Yazd: 1992.
  4. Shaditalab, Zhaleh, Development and Challenges of Iranian Women, Ghatreh Publishing House, Tehran: 2012.
  5. Shahrishtani, Muhammad Reza, Medical Generalities, Bayhaq, Sabzevar: 2008.
  6. Suyuti, Abd al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr, Hama’ al-Hawame’ fi Sharh Jam’ al-Jawame’, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1418 AH.
  7. Tabarsi, Fazl bin Hassan, Majma’ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran, Nasir Khosrow, Tehran: 3rd Edition, 1993.
  8. Tabatabai, Muhammad Hossein, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran, Al-A’lami Publishing House, Beirut: 2nd Edition, 1390 AH.
  9. Taqavi, Ali and Siadatian, Seyyed Hossein, Gender Segregation in Universities, Yes or No?, Ma’arif Publishing House, Qom: 2015.
  10. Tawassuli, Ghulam Abbas, Theories of Sociology, SAMT, Tehran: 13th Edition, 2007.
  11. Tong, Rosemarie, Feminist Thought, London: Routledge, 1997.
  12. Wahidi, Ali bin Ahmad, al-Awjiz fi Tafsir al-Kitab al-Aziz, Dar al-Qalam, Beirut: 1415 AH.
  13. Zamakhshari, Mahmoud bin Omar, Al-Kashshaf an Haqaiq Ghawamidh al-Tanzil wa Uyun al-Aqawil fi Wujuh al-Ta’wil (Discovering the Realities of the Ambiguity of the Revelation and the Origins of the Narrations Concerning Aspects of Hermeneutics), Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, Beirut: 3rd Edition, 1407 AH.
  14. Zuhayli, Wahbah, al-Tafsir al-Munir fi al-Aqeedah wa al-Shariah wa al-Manhaj, Dar al-Fikr, Damascus: 2nd Edition, 1411 AH.