An Analysis of Quranic Foundations in Human Procreation/ Reproduction

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor and Faculty Member at Al-Mustafa International University [Corresponding Author]

2 Assistant Professor and Collaborating Lecturer at Al-Mustafa International University

Abstract

The perspective of women's responsibility in childbearing, contrasted with feminist viewpoints, is grounded in specific Quranic foundations. This article aims to examine these foundations. Today, the necessity of strengthening the Islamic system relying on human potential underscores the importance of investigating this topic. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the legal duties and commitments of women within the family and society from a Quranic perspective. The weaknesses of opposing viewpoints are sources of doubt in their validity. Through library research and analytical-descriptive methods along with intra-textual analysis, the author analyzes the Quranic foundations in question. The research findings in this article are devoted to the essential reality that, from a Quranic standpoint, childbearing for women is considered a religious obligation due to ensuring the survival of the human race, attaining positive effects, providing tranquility, and other supporting evidence. Furthermore, the article emphasizes that childbearing for women is a right of the husband, and if proven feasible, he can request a divorce if the wife refuses to fulfill this obligation. Therefore, except in exceptional cases, no factor can serve as a justification for a woman to abstain from fulfilling this religious duty.

Keywords


  1. Quran Karim (Translation of the Holy Quran): Translated by Naser Makarem Shirazi, Nasl Jawan, Qom: 1378 SH (1999 CE).
  2. Baydawi, Abdullah bin Umar, Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta'wil (Lights of Revelation and Secrets of Interpretation), Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi Publications, Beirut: 1418 AH (1997 CE).
  3. Fadlullah, Sayyid Mohammad Hussein, Tafsir Min Wahy al-Quran (Interpretation from the Revelation of the Quran), Dar al-Malak, Beirut: 1419 AH (1998 CE).
  4. Fakhr Razi, Mohammad bin Umar, Mafatih al-Ghayb (Keys to the Unseen World), Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi Publications, Beirut: 1420 AH (1999 CE).
  5. Ha'iri Tehran, Ali, Muqtaniyat al-Durar (Treasures of Pearls), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Tehran: 1338 SH (1959 CE).
  6. Hakim Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohsen, Minhaj al-Salihin (The Path of the Righteous), Al-Ilmiyyah Press, Najaf: 1377 AH (1957 CE).
  7. Hoseini Tehran, Sayyid Mohammad Hosein, Kahesh-e Jom'e va Zarbeye Sangin bar Paykar-e Musliman (Population Reduction and a Severe Blow to Muslims), Hekmat, Tehran: 1415 AH (1994 CE).
  8. Hur Amili, Mohammad bin Hassan, Wasa'il al-Shi'a (The Means of the Shia), Al-Albayt, Qom: 1412 AH (1991 CE).
  9. Ibn A'shur, Mohammad al-Tahir, Tafsir al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir (Interpretation of Liberation and Enlightenment), Institute for Arab History Publications, Beirut: 1420 AH (1999 CE).
  10. Ibn Jawzyi, Yusuf bin Qazaghuli al-Baghdadi, Tadhkirat al-Khawass al-Ummah fi Khasais al-A'imma (Biography of the Special Traits of the Ummah Regarding the Characteristics of the Imams), Naynavi al-Hadithah Library, Tehran: n.d.
  11. Ibn Kathir, Ismail bin Umar, Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim (Interpretation of the Great Quran), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah Publications, Beirut: 1419 AH (1998 CE).
  12. Javadi Amoli, Abdullah, Tafsir Tasnim (Interpretation of Tasnim), Esra Publications, Qom: 1376 SH (1997 CE).
  13. Kharrazi, Sayyid Mohsen, “Kontrol Jama’yyat wa Aqeem Sazi (Population Control and Sterilization)”, Ahlul Bayt Jurisprudence Journal, Issue 21, 1379 AH (2000 CE).
  14. Khateeb, Abdul Karim, Al-Tafsir al-Qurani lil-Quran (Quranic Interpretation of the Quran), Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, Beirut: 1424 AH (2003 CE).
  15. Khoei, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim, Manhaj al-Salihin (The Path of the Righteous), Mehr Press, Qom: n.d.
  16. Kulayni, Mohammad bin Ya'qub, Al-Kafi (The Sufficient), 4th Edition, Al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 1407 AH (1986 CE).
  17. Makarem Shirazi, Naser, Tafsir Nemooneh (Exemplary Interpretation), Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 1371 SH (1992 CE).
  18. Maraghi, Ahmad Mustafa, Tafsir al-Maraghi (Maraghi's Interpretation), Dar al-Fikr, Beirut: n.d.
  19. Misbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taqi, Naqd va Barrasi Makateb Akhlaqi (Critique and Examination of Ethical Schools), Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, Qom: 1387 SH (2008 CE).
  20. Misbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taqi, Payegah-e E'telā' Rasanī Āsār-e Āyatollah Misbah Yazdi (Information Base of the Works of Ayatollah Misbah Yazdi).
  21. Moghniyya, Mohammad Javad, Tafsir al-Kashif (The Interpretation of Discovering), Dar al-Kitab al-Islami, Tehran: 1424 AH (2003 CE).
  22. Momen Qomi, Mohammad, “Sukhani Dar Tanzeem Khanwadeh (A Discussion on Family Planning”, Fiqh Ahlul Bayt Journal, Issue 8, 1376 SH (1997 CE).
  23. Musa, Hussein Yusuf, Al-Misbah fi Fiqh al-Lughah (The Lamp in Linguistic Jurisprudence), Maktabat al-I’lam al-Islami, Qom: 1404 AH (1983 CE).
  24. Nadari, Farajollah, Kontrol-e Jam'iyyat az Didgah-e Islam (Population Control from an Islamic Perspective), Bustan Ketab, Qom: 1395 SH (2016 CE).
  25. Najafi, Mohammad Hassan, Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharayi' al-Islam (The Pearls of Speech in the Explanation of Islamic Jurisprudence), Edited by Sayyid Ibrahim Miyanaji, Maktabah al-Islam, Tehran: 1397 AH (1994 CE).
  26. Nizam al-A'raj, Hassan bin Mohammad, Tafsir Ghara'ib al-Quran wa Ragha'ib al-Furqan (Interpretation of the Rarities of the Quran and the Desirables of the Criterion), Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Beirut: 1416 AH (1995 CE).
  27. Nuri Hamedani, Hussein, “Kontrol Jama’yyat (Population Control)”, Fiqh Ahlul Bayt Journal, Issue 33, 1382 SH (2003 CE).
  28. Nuri, Hussein bin Mohammad Taqi, Mustadrak al-Wasa'il wa Mustanbat al-Masail (Complementary Means and Deduced Issues), Al-Albayt Institute, Qom: 1408 AH (1987 CE).
  29. Qarashi, Sayyid Ali Akbar, Qamus al-Quran (Quranic Lexicon), Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah, Tehran: 1371 SH (1992 CE).
  30. Qira’ti, Mohsen, Tafsir Nur (Interpretation of Light), Cultural Institute of the Holy Quran, Tehran: 1388 SH (2009 CE).
  31. Qurtubi, Mohammad bin Ahmad, Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Quran (The Compendium of Quranic Rulings), Naser Khosrow, Tehran: 1364 SH (1985 CE).
  32. Raghib Isfahani, Abu al-Qasim Husayn bin Mohammad, Mufradat al-Furqan (Vocabulary of the Quranic Words), Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, Beirut: 1392 AH (1972 CE).
  33. Rezaei Esfahani, Mohammad Ali, Mantiq Tafsir Quran (Logic of Quranic Interpretation), International Center for Translation and Publication of Mustafa, Qom: 1392 SH (2013 CE).
  34. Sadat Mir Hashemi, Zahra, and Tahereh Jalili Kalahari, “Tabyin wa Barresi Didgahaye Mustanbat az Ayat wa Riwayat Darbara Siyasat Rahburdi Mawalid wa Takthir Jama’yyat Dar Islam (Exposition and Examination of Derived Views from Verses and Narrations about Strategic Policy of Population Growth and Increase in Islam)”, Women and Family Studies Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, 1396 SH (2017 CE).
  35. Sadiqi Tehran, Mohammad, Al-Furqan fi Tafsir al-Quran bil-Quran (Criterion in Quranic Interpretation by Quran), Farhang-e Islami Publishing, Qom: 1406 AH (1985 CE).
  36. Sharifi, Enayat and Mohsen Fallah, article: "Anthropological foundations of the nutrition system in the Quran and its role in the health of the human body and soul", Quran and Science Journal, Volume 15, , Number 29, November 2022
  37. Simforoush, Naser and Sheiba Tabatabai, “Tawsi’ah Ulguye Salmat Khanwadeh wa Jama’yyat Matlub bar Mabnaye Arzishhaye Ilahi dar Amuzesh Fizishki (Developing a Model of Family Health and Desired Population based on Divine Values in Medical Education)”, Journal of Medical Organization of the Medical Council, Volume 36, Issue 2, Summer 1396 SH (2017 CE).
  38. Sultan Ali Shah, Sultan Mohammad bin Haider, Bayan al-Sa'adah fi Maqamat al-Ibadah (The Explanation of the Happiness in the Stations of Worship), Al-A’lami Institute for Publications, Beirut: 1408 AH (1988 CE).
  39. Tabari, Mohammad bin Jareer, Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Quran (Comprehensive Explanation of Quranic Interpretation), Dar al-Ma'rifah, Beirut: 1420 AH (1999 CE).
  40. Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hussein, Tafsir al-Mizan (The Scale in Interpretation), Al-A’lami Institute for Publications, Beirut: 1420 AH (1999 CE).
  41. Turaihi, Fakhr al-Din bin Mohammad Ali, Majma' al-Bahrain (The Confluence of the Two Seas), Islamic Culture Publishing Institute, N.p.: 1367 SH (1988 CE).
  42. Turkashavand, Ehsan and Hassan Qarabaghi, “Naqd wa Barresi Didgahahye Mukhalifan wa Muwafiqan Kontrol Jama’ayyat (The Critique and Examination of Opposing and Favorable Views on Population Control)”, Islamic Women and Family Research Journal, Volume 8, Issue 2, 1399 SH (2020 CE).
  43. Zamakhshari, Mahmoud bin Umar, Tafsir al-Kashaf (Revelation of the Unveiling), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut: 1407 AH (1987 CE).