The Role of Maternal Identity in the Quran: A Critical Approach to Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate, University of Quranic Sciences and Teachings, Qom

2 parvansd@gmail.com. . PhD Graduate and Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran

3 Specialized Doctorate, Assistant Professor and Faculty Member, University of Quranic Sciences and Teachings, Qom

Abstract

This research aims to examine and critique the components of maternal identity, investigate the reasons for the decline of the maternal position in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), and explore the perspectives of religious and Western discourse on this issue. The research method used in this article is documentary-library research, and the type of research is descriptive-analytical using qualitative content analysis method. The research population consists of the text of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and the collection of international documents drafted as supporting documents for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), as well as relevant books analyzing this document and texts of religious scriptures and the views of Islamic and Western scholars on the concept of human identity and maternal identity. The main issue in this article is to determine the approach of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) regarding maternal identity and what the religious discourse's opinion is on this matter. The findings of the research indicate that some of the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) address issues related to women in which the natural identity of motherhood is distorted, and influenced by the views of Western social scientists, maternal identity is considered as secondary identities, assuming that maternal identity, like other social identities, is influenced by social interactions and is used as a tool and strategy for a specific goal, which adapts to the cultural changes of societies and undergoes changes. However, from an ontological perspective, the existence of women in their maternal identity includes the ability to conceive, the capacity for pregnancy and childbirth, and the potential for nurturing and educating, and from a teleological perspective, their existence is effective in the survival of the generations and has the potential for divine vicegerency.

Keywords

References

  1.  

     

    1. Quran –e – Karim (The Holy Quran), Translation: Hossein Ansarian, Qom: Ayeen Danesh, 1388 SH (2009 CE).
    2. Agacinsk, Sylviane, 2001, Parity of the Sexes. New York, Columbia University press.
    3. Almahdi, Jamileh, Hoviat az Manzar-e Quran va Falsafeh (Identity from the Perspective of the Quran and Philosophers), Binat, Vol. 14, No. 55, pp. 208-230, 1386 SH (2007 CE).
    4. Amid, Hassan, Farhang Farsi Amid (Amid's Persian Dictionary), Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1362 SH (1983 CE).
    5. Amin-Khandaqi, Maqsoud and Jafarnejad, Fatemeh Sadat, Chegonegi Goftehman-sazi Nazariye Velayat-e Faqih dar Mohtavaye Barnameh-haye Darsi Nezam-e Amoozesh va Parvaresh-e Jomhuri-e Eslami-e Iran (The Discursive Construction of the Guardianship of the Jurist Theory in the Content of Curriculum Programs of the Educational System of the Islamic Republic of Iran), Motale'at-e Enqelab-e Eslami (Islamic Revolution Studies), Vol. 11, pp. 139-158, 1393 SH (2014 CE).
    6. Ataie, Ali, Bohran-e Hoviyat-e Ghaomi dar Iran (The Crisis of National Identity in Iran), Tehran: Shadegan, 1378 SH (1999 CE).
    7. Chodorow, N. The Reproduction of Mothering, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1978, p. 99.
    8. de Beauvoir, Simone, Jens-e Dovvom (The Second Gender), Translated by Qasem Sanoee, Tehran: Tous, 1388 SH (2009 CE).
    9. Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, Loghatnameh Dehkhoda, Tehran: Moassese Chap va Entesharat-e Daneshgah-e Tehran, 2nd Edition, 1377 SH (1998 CE).
    10. Fauzi, Yahya, Andisheh-e Siyasi Imam Khomeini (Political Thought of Imam Khomeini), Qom: Nashr-e Maaref, 1388 SH (2009 CE).
    11. Fireston, Shulamith, 1970. The Dialectic of Sex, New York, Bantam Books.
    12. Ghomami, Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi & Moqaddamikhomami, Niloufar, Challenges-e Bonyadini-ye Jomhouri-e Eslami-ye Iran dar Movajeh-e ba Sand-e Tose'e Payedar (Sand 2030) (Fundamental Challenges of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Confronting the Sustainable Development Document (Document 2030)), Hekmat-e Eslami, Vol. 24, No. 1, 91st Issue, 1398 SH (2019 CE).
    13. Giddens, Anthony, Cheshmandazha-ye Jahan'i (Global Perspectives), Translated by Mohammad Reza Jalayi Poor, Tehran: Tarh-e Now, 2nd Edition, 1384 SH (2005 CE).
    14. Glenn Evelyn Nakano 1974, Social Constructions of Mothering: A Thematic Overview. In E. Glenn. G. Chang&. L. Forcey. Routledge ed Mothering: Ideology Experience and Agency London: Routledge.
    15. Hosseini Akbarnejad, Hala and Houri Hosseini Akbarnejad, Qalmorevi-ye Tahavolat-e Beynolmelali dar Chaharchoobi-ye Ahdaf-e Chaharom va Panjom-e Sand-e Tose'e-ye Paydari 2030 (The Scope of International Commitments within the Framework of the Fourth and Fifth Objectives of the Sustainable Development Document 2030), Tehran: Public Relations of the Cultural-Social Council of Women and Family, 1398 SH (2019 CE).
    16. Jafari, Elaheh and Haqiqatian, Mansour, Barresi-ye Ravabet-e Sabk-e Zendegi va Hamayat-e Ejtemai ba Hoviyat-e Madari-ye Zanan (Mavared-e Motale'eh: Zanan-e Shahr-e Esfahan) (Investigating the Relationship between Lifestyle and Social Support with Maternal Identity of Women), Vol. 13, No. 49, pp. 223-238, 1401 SH (2022 CE).
    17. Jafarnejad, Fatemeh Sadat, Tahlil-e Keyfi-e Mohtavaye Kutub-e Darsi-ye Doreye Motavasete az Manzur-e Goftehman-sazi-e Nazariye Velayat-e Faqih Barasas-e Amoozeha-ye Enqelab-e Eslami-e Iran (Qualitative Analysis of the Content of High School Textbooks from the Perspective of Discursive Construction of the Theory of the Guardianship of the Jurist based on the Teachings of the Islamic Revolution of Iran), Master's Thesis, Educational Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 1393 SH (2014 CE).
    18. Jahanbozorgi, Ahmad, Tahlil-e Goftemani-ye Nazariye Enqelab-e Eslami (Discourse Analysis of the Theory of the Islamic Revolution), Majaleh Zamaneh, No. 84-85, 1388 SH (2009 CE).
    19. Janet, C. 1999, Gender Identity without Gender prescriptions: institute for Christian studies. New York.P.32.
    20. Jenkins, Richard, Hoviyyat-e Ejtemai (Social Identity), Translated by Touraj Yarahmadi, Tehran: Shiraze, 1381 SH (2002 CE).
    21. Jorjani, Seyyed Sharif, Ketab al-Tahrifat (The Book on Definitions), Tehran: Naser Khosrow, n.d.
    22. Karaji, Ali, Estelahat-e Falsafi va Tafavot-e Anha ba Yakdigar (Philosophical Terms and Their Differences), Qom: Daftar Tablighat-e Eslami Howzeh Elmiyeh Qom, 1375 SH (1996 CE).
    23. Karimpour Qaramaleki, Ali & Molaii, Ahmad, Tahlil-e Mabani-ye Quran-i dar Tolid-e Nasl-e Ensan (Analysis of Quranic Foundations in Human Generation), Quran va Elm, Vol. 17, No. 32, 1402 SH (2023 CE).
    24. Katherine, 1994. How the feminist establishment hurts women: a Christian critiaue of a movement gone wrong. Christianity Today June 20m vol 38. No. 7: 20-25.
    25. Kosh, Denny, Mafhume Farhang dar Olum-e Ejtema'i (The Concept of Culture in Social Sciences), Translated by Fereydoon Vahid, Tehran: Soroush, 4th Edition, 1397 SH (2018 CE).
    26. Lemons, John; Brown, Donald, Sustainable Development: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy; Kluwer Academic Publisher, 1995.p.4.
    27. Mo'in, Mohammad, Farhang-e Farsi Mo'in (Mo'in's Persian Dictionary), Tehran: Amir Kabir, 10th Edition, 1375 SH (1996 CE).
    28. Morino, Antonio, Yung-e Khodayan va Ensan-e Modern (The Gods and Modern Human), Translated by Daryoush Mehrjoui, Tehran: Markaz, 1390 SH (2011 CE).
    29. Moslehi, Javad & Nourian, Sajjad, Ravabet-e Feminism va Quran ba Takid bar Ayeh-e Qavamoon (Relationship between Feminism and Quran with Emphasis on Surah al-Nisa, Verse 34), Quran va Elm, Vol. 14, No. 27, 1399 SH (2020 CE).
    30. Mousavi Khomeini, Rouhollah, Sharh-e Dua-ye Sahar (Explanation of the Dawn Prayer), Bijan Publications, 1376 SH (1997 CE).
    31. Navabkhsh, Mehrdad & Mokhtarpour, Mehdi, Model-e Tabyini-ye Karbari-haye Internet va Role-e An dar Hoviyat-e Jensiati-ye Javanan-e Shahr-e Tehran (Explanatory Model of Internet Usage and Its Role in the Gender Identity of Youth in Tehran), Motale'at-e Javanshenasi-ye Javanan, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 151-186, 1391 SH (2012 CE).
    32. Nicholson, L, 1999, Feminism and Gender Sceptecism, Routledge, New York.
    33. Olaswand, Fariba, Zan dar Eslam: Mabani-ye Hoquq va Takalif (Women in Islam: Foundations of Rights and Duties), Qom: Hajar, 1400 SH (2021 CE).
    34. Pakmehr, Hamideh and Amin-Khandaghi, Maqsoud, Olgosazi Mafhumi Goftehman-e Amoozeha-ye Enqelab-e Eslami-e Iran dar Barnameh-haye Darsi (Conceptual Modeling of the Discourse of the Teachings of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in Curriculum Programs), Pasdari Farhangi-e Enqelab-e Eslami (Cultural Protection of the Islamic Revolution), Vol. 11, No. 32, pp. 199-224, 1400 SH (2021 CE).
    35. Parsons, Talcott, 1959, Toward A General Theory Of Action, Harvard University Press.
    36. Qasemi, Salman & Safouraee Parizi, Mohammad Mehdi, Role-e Kanuni-ye Khanvade va Role-haye Khanvadegi dar Tahqiq-e Sabk-e Zendegi-ye Eslami bar Asas-e Quran (The Canonical Role of the Family and Family Roles in Realizing the Islamic Lifestyle Based on the Quran), Quran va Elm, Vol. 17, No. 32, 1402 SH (2023 CE).
    37. Rafatjah, Maryam, Zanan-e Javan va Bazta'rif-e Ma'na va Nashr-e Madari, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1396 SH (2017 CE).
    38. Raji, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, Naqdi Elm-i bar Sand-e 2030 (A Critic of the Agenda 2030), Mashhad: Ketabestan Majid, 1396 SH (2017 CE).
    39. Rasouli Sharbiani, Reza, Tabalwore Ensan-shenasi-ye Sadrai dar Nahzat-e Emam Khomeini (RA) (The Crystallization of Sadraian Anthropology in the Movement of Imam Khomeini), Dovafaslnameh-e Hekmat-e Sadrai (Sadraian Wisdom Quarterly), pp. 31-42, 1392 SH (2013 CE).
    40. Rezaei Esfahani, Mohammad Ali, Tafsir-e Quran Mehr, Qom: Entesharat-e Pazhuheshha-ye Tafsir va Olum-e Quran, 1388 SH (2009 CE).
    41. Rich, Adrienne. 1976, Of Women Born: MotherhoodAs experience And Institiution. New York: Norton.
    42. Sadeqi Fasayi, Soheila, Chaleshhay-e Feminism ba Madari (Feminism Challenges with Motherhood), Motale'at Rahbordi-ye Zanan (Strategic Studies of Women), Vol. 7, No. 28, 1384 SH (2005 CE).
    43. Safwat Safaee, Shida and Seyyed Fazlallah Ghodsi, Gharizeh-e Madari (Maternal Nature), Faslnameh-ye Zan va Farhang (Journal of Women and Culture), No. 34, pp. 95-110, 1396 SH (2017 CE).
    44. Shirazi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad bin Ibrahim, Al-Mabda' va al-Ma'ad, Edited by Sayyid Jalal al-Din Ashtiani, Tehran: Anjoman Hekmat va Falsafeh-e Iran, 1354 SH (1975 CE).
    45. Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein, Translation of Tafsir al-Mizan, Jam'e Modarresin-e Howzeh Elmiyeh Qom: Daftar Entesharat-e Eslami Qom, 5th Edition, 1374 SH (1995 CE).
    46. Tajik, Mohammad Reza, Ensan-e Modern va Mamay-e Hoviyat (The Modern Human and the Mystery of Identity), Motale'at-e Melli, No. 21, Vol. 6, No. 1, Tehran: Moassese Motale'at-e Melli, 1384 SH (2005 CE).
    47. Tajik, Mohammad Reza, Goftehman, Padgoftehman va Siyasat (Discourse, Counter-discourse, and Politics), Tehran: Moassese Tahqiqat va Tose'e-e Olum-e Ensan, 1383 SH (2004 CE).
    48. Van Dijk, Teun A (2011), Discourse Studies: A MultidisciplinaryIntroduction, London: Sage,

    Documents and Reports

    1. Bayanie Inchon va Charchoob-e Amal, Iran, Tarjome Mehrnaz Pirooznik, Amoozesh 2030, Iran, Komisyon-e Melli-ye UNESCO, Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action, Iran, Translated by Mehrnaz Pirooznik, Education 2030, Iran, National Commission for UNESCO, 2015 CE.
    2. Dagargoon Sakhtan-e Jahan-e Ma, Dasturkar 2030 baraye Tose'e Paydari (Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development), Translated by Mehrnaz Pirooznik, Iran, National Commission for UNESCO, 1394 SH (2015 CE).
    3. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/GenderStereotypes.aspx
    4. Kalhor, Sina, Gozaresh-e Ab'ad-e Penhan va Mohavvarat-e Sand 2030, Barresi-e Sand-e Dasturkar 2030 baraye Tose'e Paydari, Code-e Mozoo'ei: 280, Series No.: 17255, Markaz-e Pazhuheshat-e Majlis-e Showray-e Eslami, Guruh-e Tose'e Nazari va Motale'at-e Bonyadini, 1399 SH (2020 CE).
    5. Komite-ye Hoquq-e Bashar HRC, Nehade Nazari bar Ejarate Misagh-e Hoquq-e Madani va Siyasi (Committee on Human Rights, HRC: Oversight Body for the Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights).
    6. Komite-ye Hoquq-e Eqtesadi, Ejtemaie va Farhangi ICESCR, Nehade Nazari bar Ejarate Misagh-e Hoquq-e Eqtesadi, Ejtemaie va Farhangi (Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, ICESCR: Oversight Body for the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights).
    7. Komite-ye Hoquq-e Koodak CRC, Nehade Nazari bar Ejarate Kanunesiyon-e Hoquq-e Koodak (Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC: Oversight Body for the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child).
    8. Komite-ye Man'e Tabeed alaieh Zanan CEDAW, Nehade Nazari bar Ejarate Kanunesiyon-e Mahv-e Kolleh Ashkal-e Tabeed alaieh Zanan (Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW: Oversight Body for the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women).
    9. Patriota, Antonio, “Rio+20: protecting the environment is not enough”; available at:https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/20/rio20-protecting-environ- ment, 2012.
    10. Shoraye Aali-ye Enqelab-e Farhangi, Moavane Farhangi-Ejtema'i-ye Zanan va Khanevadeh, Marvori bar Tahavolat-e Mafhumi-e Moahedat-e Bein-al-Mellali dar Hovze-ye Zanan, Koodakan va Khanevadeh (A Review of Conceptual Developments of International Treaties in the Field of Women, Children, and Families).
    11. UNESCO, 2017.September, 7, “Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives”, available at:unesdoc. unesco.org/Images/0024/002 474/247444 e.pdf.
The Quran and Science
Volume 17, Issue 33
March 2024
Pages 33-66

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 13 September 2022
  • Revise Date: 02 March 2023
  • Accept Date: 01 June 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics